Unit-1 India’s Foreign Policy As a postcolonial state | India’s Foreign Policy DSC-18 SEM 6 | BA Hons Political Science

 Introduction

• India’s foreign policy, since independence in 1947, has been shaped by its colonial past, geopolitical realities, and civilizational ethos. As a newly decolonized nation, India sought to establish its strategic autonomy while navigating global power dynamics. The country’s approach to international relations has evolved from non-alignment to strategic engagements, balancing its national interests with global responsibilities.

• The key elements of India’s foreign policy include sovereignty preservation, economic development, regional stability, and a commitment to multilateralism. The influence of historical experiences, domestic imperatives, and external pressures has played a crucial role in shaping India's diplomatic engagements

Understanding the Postcolonial Context

1. Colonial Legacy and Its Impact

• The long British colonial rule left India with a weak economy, internal divisions, and limited global influence.

• Colonial policies shaped India’s external outlook, fostering a cautious and pragmatic approach to international relations.

• The experience of subjugation led India to champion anti-colonial movements and support decolonization worldwide.

• The divide-and-rule policy deepened internal divisions, affecting nation-building efforts post-independence.

• British-imposed economic structures led to stagnation, making economic self-sufficiency a priority for independent India.

2. Influence of Ancient Strategic Thought

• Indian strategic thought draws from ancient texts like Arthashastra (Kautilya) and epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata (Rajagopalan, 2014).

• Kautilyan principles emphasize realism, power dynamics, and strategic autonomy in international relations (Shahi, 2019).

• The Mahabharata reflects the dilemmas of statecraft, diplomacy, and war, offering insights into grand strategic thought.

• The Ramayana emphasizes duty (dharma) and moral leadership, influencing India’s approach to ethical diplomacy.

• These texts provide philosophical foundations for India's strategic culture, blending idealism with pragmatism.

3. Post-Independence Challenges

• Managing partition and its consequences, including the displacement of millions and communal tensions.

• Defining India’s role in the Cold War bipolar world while maintaining strategic autonomy.

• Ensuring national security while maintaining non-alignment, leading to challenges in defense and border security.

• Addressing economic underdevelopment and social reconstruction through planned economic policies like the Five-Year Plans.

• Balancing relations with former colonial powers while forging new alliances in Asia and Africa.

Sources of India’s Foreign Policy

1. Historical and Civilizational Roots

• India’s diplomatic traditions trace back to its ancient interactions with neighbouring civilizations.

• Concepts like Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (the world is one family) reflect India’s inclusive global outlook.

• The balance between idealism and realism in Indian diplomacy is influenced by both spiritual traditions and strategic texts.

• India’s historical role as a trade hub facilitated early international relations, setting a foundation for modern diplomacy.

• The legacy of the independence movement, including leaders like Gandhi and Nehru, shaped India’s moral stance in global affairs.

2. Geopolitical and Strategic Considerations

• India’s location in South Asia, surrounded by major powers like China and Pakistan, dictates its strategic priorities.

• The need to secure borders, maintain regional stability, and counter security threats remains central to foreign policy.

• The 1962 war with China and conflicts with Pakistan reinforced the importance of military preparedness.

• India's maritime interests in the Indian Ocean have influenced naval strategy and regional cooperation efforts.

3. Economic and Developmental Needs

• Post-independence, economic growth and modernization were key objectives, influencing foreign aid policies and trade partnerships.

• India’s engagement with international financial institutions and economic blocs has shaped its global economic presence.

• The early emphasis on self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) influenced economic policies, affecting foreign trade relations.

• Liberalization in 1991 marked a shift towards globalization, increasing foreign collaborations and economic diplomacy.

4. Domestic Political and Institutional Framework

• The Constitution, Parliament, and Executive (Prime Minister & Ministry of External Affairs) play a significant role in policymaking.

• Political ideologies and leadership styles have influenced diplomatic decisions (e.g., Nehru’s non-alignment vs. Modi’s strategic engagements).

• Coalition politics and changing government priorities have periodically reshaped foreign policy directions.

• The role of bureaucratic institutions, such as the Indian Foreign Service (IFS), in executing foreign policy strategies.

5. Global and Regional Influences

• Cold War dynamics and later, post-Cold War shifts, influenced India’s alignments and strategic engagements.

• Multilateral organizations (UN, WTO, BRICS, SAARC) have shaped India’s foreign policy priorities.

• India’s involvement in regional groupings like BIMSTEC and the Quad reflects its evolving strategic partnerships.

• The influence of global power transitions, such as the rise of China and shifting US policies, on India’s diplomatic manoeuvres.

Theorizing India’s Foreign Policy

1. Realism in India's Foreign Policy

• India’s strategic autonomy is rooted in realism, prioritizing national security and power balance.

• Kautilya’s Arthashastra emphasizes pragmatic statecraft, influencing modern diplomatic strategies.

• Relations with China and Pakistan reflect realist concerns of military preparedness and deterrence.

• Strategic partnerships with major powers (e.g., US, Russia) align with a realist approach to diplomacy.

• The acquisition of nuclear weapons serves as a deterrent, reinforcing security against external threats.

2. Liberalism and India

• India’s foreign policy also reflects liberal ideals, emphasizing multilateralism and diplomacy.

• Nehru’s emphasis on non-alignment was rooted in liberal values of cooperation and peaceful coexistence.

• India’s participation in global institutions like the UN, WTO, and G20 showcases commitment to liberal internationalism.

• Economic liberalization post-1991 strengthened India’s global trade and investment partnerships.

• Advocacy for climate change, humanitarian aid, and democratic values align with India’s liberal foreign policy approach.

3. Constructivism and Indian Identity

• India’s foreign policy is shaped by historical and cultural narratives, reinforcing its global identity.

• Concepts like Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam influence India’s diplomatic discourse.

• Soft power through culture, yoga, and Bollywood helps India project a unique international image.

• India’s approach to international issues, such as climate change and humanitarian aid, is influenced by its self-perception as a moral leader.

• Diplomatic rhetoric emphasizing peace, tolerance, and pluralism aligns with India’s constructivist outlook.

4. Alternative Perspectives

• Postcolonial theory critiques Western-centric models and highlights India’s Non-Western diplomatic traditions.

• Marxist perspectives emphasize economic dependencies and global inequalities in shaping foreign policy.

• Feminist international relations theories critique the male-dominated discourse in India’s diplomatic history.

• South-South cooperation and solidarity with the Global South reflect an alternative, anti-hegemonic approach to diplomacy.

Dimensions of India’s Foreign Policy: Domestic and International

• India’s foreign policy is shaped by both domestic needs and global aspirations.

• As a post-colonial nation, India balances development challenges with the goal of becoming a responsible global player.

• India emphasizes strategic autonomy, multilateralism, and a just global order.

• Domestic factors (economy, politics, culture) deeply influence foreign relations; external developments also shape internal policies.

Domestic Dimensions of India’s Foreign Policy

1. Historical and Cultural Influences

• Deeply rooted in India’s civilization and philosophies (e.g. non-violence, tolerance).

• Ideals from Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism reflect in peaceful international conduct.

• Legacy of British colonialism created a strong sense of sovereignty, non-alignment, and anti-imperialism.

• India's soft power (e.g. Yoga Day, Bollywood, cultural diplomacy) supports global image.

2. Developmental Goals & Economic Priorities

• Post-1947: Focus on self-reliance.

• Post-1991: Economic liberalization shifted foreign policy toward trade, investment, and technology partnerships.

• Energy diplomacy with the Middle East, Africa, and Central Asia due to growing energy needs.

• Strong partnerships with US, Japan, EU; cooperation in BRICS, G20 for economic growth.

3. Political Stability and Governance

• Stable domestic politics ensures coherent and consistent foreign policy.

• As a democracy, India promotes values like pluralism and rule of law internationally.

• Domestic unrest (e.g. Kashmir, Northeast insurgency) affects relations with neighbors like Pakistan and Bangladesh.

• Public opinion and media increasingly influence policy due to the digital age.

4. Institutional Framework

• Multiple stakeholders involved: Parliament, MEA, Civil Society.

• Parliamentary Committees (e.g. Standing Committee on External Affairs) scrutinize policy.

• The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) is the main policy implementer.

• Think tanks (e.g. ORF, IDSA) and diaspora contribute insights and influence.

• Engagements align with domestic values and developmental goals.

International Dimensions of India’s Foreign Policy

1. Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity

• Core concern: protecting borders, especially disputes with Pakistan (Kashmir) and China (LAC issues).

• Strategy: Mix of military strength and diplomatic negotiations.

• International platforms like the UN used to support sovereignty claims.

2. Defence and Security

• Focus on countering threats like terrorism (e.g. post-2008 Mumbai attacks).

• Active in global counterterrorism efforts (e.g. FATF, UN committees).

• Maintains nuclear deterrence under a credible minimum deterrence policy.

• Despite staying out of the NPT, India is seen as a responsible nuclear power.

3. Globalisation and Economic Diplomacy

• Economic policy prioritizes trade agreements, FTAs, CEPs.

• Active role in WTO, ASEAN, BRICS, BIMSTEC, promoting regional and global economic integration.

• Supports South-South cooperation for mutual growth.

4. Commitment to Multilateralism

• Strong supporter of multilateral institutions to solve global issues.

• Advocates for UN reforms and permanent UNSC membership.

• Engages deeply in G20, WTO, and works on global issues like climate change, financial stability, and trade.

5. Leadership in the Global South

• Aligns with and leads developing nations, inspired by shared colonial histories.

• Promotes causes like debt relief, fair trade, technology access.

• Hosts initiatives such as the India-Africa Forum Summit, International Solar Alliance (ISA).

• Aims to ensure a more equitable world order for emerging economies.

From Non-Alignment to Strategic Engagements in a Multipolar World

1. Evolution of Foreign Policy

• After independence, India faced a bipolar world during the Cold War – dominated by the USA (capitalist bloc) and the USSR (communist bloc).

• India chose a neutral approach by promoting Non-Alignment to safeguard its sovereignty.

• Over time, India adjusted its policy to changing global conditions – such as the end of the Cold War, rise of China, terrorism, and globalization.

• Today, India follows a multi-alignment strategy – building relations with multiple powers (USA, Russia, Japan, etc.) without becoming dependent on any one.

2. Non-Alignment Policy (NAM): Foundation and Growth

Definition:

• Non-Alignment means not formally aligning with or against any major power bloc, especially during the Cold War.

• It was not isolationism; India maintained international relations but retained independence in decision-making.

Reasons Behind NAM

• India had just gained independence and wanted to protect its freedom and sovereignty.

• Prime Minister Nehru believed in peaceful coexistence, cooperation, and global justice.

• Colonial history made India cautious of any new form of dominance.

Important Events:

• 1955 Bandung Conference (Indonesia): Laid the ideological foundation of NAM, attended by 29 newly independent countries from Asia and Africa.

• 1961 Belgrade Conference (Yugoslavia): Formalized NAM. Founding leaders: Nehru (India), Tito (Yugoslavia), Nasser (Egypt), Nkrumah (Ghana), Sukarno (Indonesia).

Core Principles of NAM

1. Respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity.

2. No interference in internal affairs.

3. Peaceful resolution of disputes.

4. Equality and mutual benefit in international relations.

5. Support for anti-colonial and freedom movements.

3. Achievements and Limitations of NAM

Achievements:

• Helped developing countries stay out of Cold War rivalry.

• Supported liberation movements in Africa, Asia (e.g., against apartheid in South Africa).

• Promoted ideas like nuclear disarmament, peace, and South-South cooperation (like the G-77).

• Made India a moral voice in international affairs.

Limitations:

• Many NAM countries were economically weak and dependent on aid.

• Some countries secretly supported one bloc while claiming neutrality.

• Lack of unity due to diverse political systems (some were democracies, others dictatorships).

• After the Cold War, NAM lost relevance, as the bipolar structure of the world ended.

• Internal problems in member countries (corruption, poverty, war) weakened NAM further.

4. From Non-Alignment to Strategic Engagements

Why the Shift Happened:

• Cold War ended in 1991; the world became multipolar.

• India’s 1991 economic reforms opened up markets to the world.

• Rise of China as a powerful neighbor, tensions with Pakistan, and the need for economic growth pushed India towards deeper international engagements.

• Globalization demanded greater connectivity with international trade and investment.

Strategic Engagements:

• India began bilateral and multilateral partnerships while maintaining strategic autonomy.

• Strategic autonomy means India makes foreign policy decisions independently, not under external pressure.

• Relations with major powers like USA, EU, Japan, Russia were strengthened through defence, trade, and tech cooperation.

5. Key Strategic Partnerships

India–US Relations

• During the Cold War, relations were distant due to India's non-alignment.

• Improved since the 1990s, especially after the 2008 Civil Nuclear Deal.

• Areas of cooperation: Defence (LEMOA, BECA), trade, cyber security, education, health.

• Common goals: Freedom of navigation in the Indo-Pacific, countering China’s influence.

India–Russia Relations

• Strong since Cold War days; Russia remains a trusted defence partner.

• Collaborations in space (e.g., Gaganyaan), energy (oil & gas), and military technology (e.g., BrahMos missile).

• Despite Russia’s closer ties with China, India maintains strategic balance.

India and East/Southeast Asia

• Look East Policy (1990s) transformed into Act East Policy (2014).

• Focus on trade, culture, connectivity, and defence with ASEAN countries.

• India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway: Key infrastructure project.

• Stronger ties with Japan, South Korea, Vietnam.

Neighborhood First Policy

• Aims to strengthen ties with neighbors – Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Maldives, Sri Lanka.

• Challenges: Strained ties with Pakistan and China over terrorism and border issues.

• Regional groupings: SAARC, BIMSTEC used to promote cooperation in South Asia.

6. India’s Role in Global Governance and Multilateralism

BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)

• Formed to represent emerging economies and reduce Western dominance.

• India helped establish the New Development Bank (NDB) for development finance.

• India uses BRICKS to raise voice on:

  • Global financial reforms,

  • South-South cooperation,

  • Climate change and equity.

QUAD (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue)

• Members: India, USA, Japan, Australia.

• Focus: Indo-Pacific maritime security, free and open seas, countering China.

• Also works on:

  • Health security (vaccine partnerships),

  • Tech and cyber security,

  • Disaster relief cooperation.

G20

• India is an active member, representing the Global South.

• Hosted G20 Summit in 2023 under the theme of sustainable and inclusive growth.

• Focus areas: Debt relief, digital economy, climate financing, health security.

United Nations and UNSC Reform

• India demands permanent membership in the UN Security Council.

• Justification:

  • One of the world’s largest democracies,

  • 5th largest economy,

  • Major contributor to UN peacekeeping missions.

• India argues that the current UNSC does not reflect today’s global realities.

7. India and Global Challenges

Climate Change

• India is a leading voice for climate justice and equity.

• Initiatives:

  • International Solar Alliance (ISA) for promoting solar energy.

  • Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement.

Counter-Terrorism

• India has consistently raised the issue of cross-border terrorism.

• Supports a Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism at the UN.

• Cooperates globally for intelligence sharing, anti-terror operations, border security.

Sustainable Development

• Strong advocate of UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

• Focuses on: Poverty reduction, Health care, Education, Clean energy, Infrastructure development.

Conclusion

India’s foreign policy since independence in 1947 has been shaped by a combination of domestic priorities—such as nation-building, economic development, and social justice—and international aspirations, rooted in its unique historical and cultural identity. As a postcolonial state, India initially focused on preserving sovereignty, political stability, and economic self-reliance, while promoting secularism, democracy, and social cohesion at home.

Internationally, India adopted a policy of non-alignment during the Cold War, aiming to stay independent of both the US and Soviet blocs. Through leadership in the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), India championed disarmament, anti-colonialism, and peaceful coexistence, gaining moral stature on the global stage. However, this was tested by regional conflicts, particularly with Pakistan and China.

With the end of the Cold War, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the rise of globalisation, India transitioned to a more pragmatic and multi-aligned foreign policy. It built strategic partnerships with the US, Russia, EU, Japan, and ASEAN, focusing on defence, trade, technology, and counter-terrorism, while maintaining strategic autonomy.