NCERT CLASS 12th HISTORY CHAPTER 1 BRICKS, BEADS AND BONES NOTES

1. Beginnings

• These cultures were associated with distinctive pottery, evidence of agriculture and pastoralism, and Some crafts.

• Settlements were generally small.

• Reasons for a break between Early Harappan and the Harappan civilization was large-scale burning at some sites.

2. Subsistence Strategies

• The Harappan ate a wide range of plant and animals products, including fish

• Archaeologists reconstructed dietary practices from finds of charred Grains and Seeds.

• Grains found at Harappan Sites include wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea and Sesame.

• Millets are found from sites jn Gujrat

• Animals bone found at Harappan sites includes those of cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo and pig.

2.1 Agricultural technologies

• Seals and terracotta Sculpture indicate that bull was known and given as evidence for ploughing (Choliston & Banawali)

• Evidence of a ploughed field also found at kalibangan (Rajasthan)

• Pattern of growing crop

• The field had two sets of furrows at right angles to each other.

• Location of Harappan Sites mostly are in semi arid lands (because of the irrigation facilities)

• traces of canals found at -

• Shortughai in Afghanistan

• traces of reservoirs-

• Dholavira (Gujrat)

3. Mohanjodaro 

• A planned urban center 

• The settlement is divided into two Sections

Citadel	The Lower Town
Smaller but higher	Lower Town Much larger but lower
Constructed